Impact of ice particle shape on short-wave radiative forcing: A case study for an arctic ice cloud

We used four different non-spherical particle models to compute optical properties of an arctic ice cloud and to simulate corresponding cloud radiative forcings and fluxes. One important finding is that differences in cloud forcing, downward flux at the surface, and absorbed flux in the atmosphere resulting from the use of the four different ice cloud particle models are comparable to differences in these quantities resulting from changing the surface albedo from 0.4 to 0.8, or by varying the ice water content (IWC) by a factor of 2. These findings show that the use of a suitable non-spherical ice cloud particle model is very important for a realistic assessment of the radiative impact of arctic ice clouds. The differences in radiative broadband fluxes predicted by the four different particle models were found to be caused mainly by differences in the optical depth and the asymmetry parameter. These two parameters were found to have nearly the same impact on the predicted cloud forcing. Computations were performed first by assuming a given vertical profile of the particle number density, then by assuming a given profile of the IWC. In both cases, the differences between the cloud radiative forcings computed with the four different non-spherical particle models were found to be of comparable magnitude. This finding shows that precise knowledge of ice particle number density or particle mass is not sufficient for accurate prediction of ice cloud radiative forcing. It is equally important to employ a non-spherical shape model that accurately reproduces the ice particle's dimension-to-volume ratio and its asymmetry parameter. The hexagonal column/plate model with air-bubble inclusions seems to offer the highest degree of flexibility.     

长柱状气溶胶粒子的光散射特性

以中纬度卷云中常见的长柱状冰晶为例,利用长柱状粒子光散射理论,探讨了入射光为线偏振时,电矢量平行和垂直于入射面情况下,单个长柱状粒子的散射光强度分布和偏振特性随入射角、尺度参数与偏振态的转化关系:随着入射角的增大,散射强度、偏振总体趋于对称且数值振荡频率降低,散射强度总体减小,偏振的改变程度总体增大;随着尺度参数的增大,散射强度、偏振的数值振荡频率增大,散射强度数值振荡峰的幅度整体减小,电矢量平行于粒子长轴时主偏振的数量、强度和位置皆有变迁,电矢量垂直于粒子长轴时前后主偏振位置相对固定;随着偏振度的减小,散射强度、偏振趋向于一致,两者的数值改变程度减小,当偏振度减小到0时,散射强度、偏振变得完全相同。选取火山尘埃和烟灰与冰晶对比,阐述了粒子散射光的强度分布和偏振特性随折射率的变化规律:折射率虚部不改变散射强度的整体趋势,但使散射强度和偏振的振荡峰幅度增大,当其数值较大时,使得偏振的数值振荡峰覆盖范围拓宽。     

水下成组药包爆炸作用下冰盖动态响应数值模拟

利用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了成组药包水下爆炸冰盖动态响应模型,通过数值计算,得到了冲击波峰值压力变化规律,峰值压力与理论计算结果基本吻合。本文分析了冰盖在成组药包水下爆炸冲击载荷下的应力分布及垂直位移响应特征。结果表明,冰盖迎爆面为压缩破坏,背爆面为拉伸破坏,两者数值均十分接近,其中迎爆面最大压力值可达18.12MPa,冰盖近爆炸点最大垂直位移为1.211cm,两药包连线中点最小位移为0.15cm,达到脆性冰盖形成贯通裂隙的基本条件,从而确定了冰盖在水下成组药包大间距布设条件下,其动态破坏形式是以产生裂隙为主要特征。     

喀斯特典型地物混合光谱与复合覆盖度关系研究

喀斯特石漠化是我国西南喀斯特地区面临的主要生态环境问题之一。岩石裸露率以及植被覆盖度是石漠化主要的地面表现特征,也是评价石漠化的关键指标。由于喀斯特地区复杂的地貌情况,使得评价石漠化需要多种地物类型覆盖度信息。该文在实测光谱支持下,构建了系列光谱指数,初步分析了喀斯特地区典型地物混合光谱与复合覆盖度的关系。结果表明,光谱指数与覆盖度的相关性远远高于光谱反射率与覆盖度的相关性。植被指数和绿色植物(photosynthetic vegetation, PV)覆盖度有着很好的线性关系;该文构造的光谱指数和干枯植被覆盖度(non-photosynthetic vegetation, NPV)、土壤覆盖度有着较好的相关性,可决系数分别达0.70和0.73,显示了有估算NPV和土壤覆盖度的潜在能力。而光谱指数和裸岩率的相关系数稍低,最高达0.55,可以提供一定的裸岩率信息。所构建的4种指数形式中,表征光谱吸收特征深度的指数形式和NPV、土壤覆盖度以及裸岩率均拥有最高的相关性。这为高光谱遥感在喀斯特石漠化信息提取的应用进行了初步的探索。     

积雪混合像元光谱特征观测及解混方法比较

积雪混合像元分解方法研究及积雪比例产品的发展是积雪遥感的重要研究方向。在我国北疆地区利用SVC HR-1024野外便携式光谱仪观测了已知积雪比例的混合像元光谱特征并进行系统分析,同时,采用四种混合像元分解模型对实测光谱进行解混及精度评价。结果表明反射率随积雪比例均匀下降并不呈均匀的线性变化,在不同波段呈非线性变化特征,积雪像元解混精度与观测尺度的不同有一定的联系,尺度越小,解混精度越低;进一步对实测光谱的解混结果表明,线性回归法精度较低,特别是对于积雪比例小于50%的解混结果不准确,稀疏回归解混法和非负矩阵解混法略高于线性混合像元分解法,但线性混合像元分解法运算效率最高,稀疏回归解混法运算效率最低,当对遥感图像进行解混时,要综合考虑四种方法的计算效率。通过将推动积雪混合像元分解定量遥感研究,并为遥感影像准确提取积雪比例提供理论依据。     

弱拉回平坦序S-系对序幺半群的刻画

设S是序幺半群,借助环模理论以及半群S-系理论方法,在序S-系范畴中研究了弱拉回平坦性质。刻画了弱拉回平坦序S-系关于直积封闭的序幺半群类以及弱拉回平坦性质与其他性质一致的序幺半群类,讨论了循环序S-系具有拉回平坦覆盖的条件,进而推广了S-系的一些重要结果。     

Numerical solution of the problem of motion of a load on a cracked ice sheet

A mathematical model is constructed for the motion of a load on a cracked ice sheet. Examples of calculation of ice deflections are given, and the calculation results are analyzed. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 151–156, May–June, 2008.     

可燃"冰"与包合物

可燃"冰"是一种沉睡海底和高寒冻土地带待开发的能源.它储存量大,含能量高,是甲烷类中性分子生成的气体水合物,是一类广泛存在的包合物.这种类型包合物的极限化学式为8X@46H2O.本文就可燃"冰"的发现史、结构特点等辐射到的相关知识做一简单介绍.     

LF闭包空间的可数紧性

从层次结构人手引入LF闭包空间的可数紧集和可数紧空间的概念，给出了可数紧的等价刻画与可数紧的一些性质，特别是定义了分明闭包空间的可数紧性，并证明了这样定义的可数紧性使得LF闭包空间的可数紧性是一个好的推广。     

Gorenstein Flat Covers and Gorenstein Cotorsion Modules Over Integral Group Rings

Every module over an Iwanaga–Gorenstein ring has a Gorenstein flat cover [13] (however, only a few nontrivial examples are known). Integral group rings over polycyclic-by-finite groups are Iwanaga–Gorenstein [10] and so their modules have such covers. In particular, modules over integral group rings of finite groups have these covers. In this article we initiate a study of these covers over these group rings. To do so we study the so-called Gorenstein cotorsion modules, i.e. the modules that split under Gorenstein flat modules. When the ring is ℤ, these are just the usual cotorsion modules. Harrison [16] gave a complete characterization of torsion free cotorsion ℤ-modules. We show that with appropriate modifications Harrison's results carry over to integral group rings ℤG when G is finite. So we classify the Gorenstein cotorsion modules which are also Gorenstein flat over these ℤG. Using these results we classify modules that can be the kernels of Gorenstein flat covers of integral group rings of finite groups. In so doing we necessarily give examples of such covers. We use the tools we develop to associate an integer invariant n with every finite group G and prime p. We show 1≤n≤|G : P| where P is a Sylow p-subgroup of G and gives some indication of the significance of this invariant. We also use the results of the paper to describe the co-Galois groups associated to the Gorenstein flat cover of a ℤG-module. Presented by A. Verschoren Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000) 20C05, 16E65.